… via G protein–coupled receptors that lead to increased [Ca 2+ ] … for the reduction of airway
neutrophilia observed in patients … a novel inhaled phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor in COPD. …

… Currently, the selective PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast, is used as … In addition, other novel PDE
inhibitors are in different phases … characterized by airway obstruction, the airway obstruction in …

… and pathological conditions without or with limited effects on … action of PDE inhibitors may
prevent the increase of Ca2+ levels in … The concept of dual PDE inhibition has been previously …

… However, 30 years later, roflumilast is the only PDE inhibitor to … depends on the balance
between Ca 2+ ions and cAMP, and … as a dual PDE3/4 inhibitor that is in clinical trials for airway …

… pathophysiological conditions like airway inflammatory diseases… in different pathological
conditions has attracted clinical … of various diseases, for example, PDE4B inhibitor (Roflumilast …

… In addition, PDE5 inhibitors induce airway relaxation and … of PDE4 inhibitors rolipram and
roflumilast attenuated a capillary … obtained from the use of dual PDE inhibitors. For instance, …

… of IL-6 by airway epithelial cells [15]. Due to these broad … Due to the dual anti-inflammatory/Th17-promoting
effect of … Control BM-DCs pretreated with inhibitors of CaMKII (Ca2 +/…

… resistance (sRaw) was measured in each guinea pig using a two-chambered, double-…
roflumilast significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils into the airway…

… co-factors (Ca 2+ , cGMP, Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ ), specificity for synthetic PDE inhibitors and
occasionally their specificity for substrates (cAMP or cGMP) [38,39]. Each PDE family is encoded …

… have been investigated in respiratory conditions. However, … administration to the lungs
may reduce systemic effects [56]. … compared with roflumilast, a pan-PDE4 inhibitor (0.3 versus …